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A detailed introduction of metaheuristic algorithms including the bat algorithm is given by Yang [4] where a demo program in MATLAB/GNU Octave is available, while a comprehensive review is carried out by Parpinelli and Lopes. [5] A further improvement is the development of an evolving bat algorithm (EBA) with better efficiency. [6]
MATLAB (an abbreviation of "MATrix LABoratory" [22]) is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks.MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages.
The company sold its first order, 10 copies of MATLAB, for $500 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in February 1985. [8] A few years later, Little and the company moved to Massachusetts. [6] [9] There, Little hired Jeanne O'Keefe, an experienced computer executive, to help formalize the business. [3]
It is also known as Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Torgerson Scaling or Torgerson–Gower scaling. It takes an input matrix giving dissimilarities between pairs of items and outputs a coordinate matrix whose configuration minimizes a loss function called strain, [2] which is given by (,,...,) = (, (),) /, where denote vectors in N-dimensional space, denotes the scalar product between ...
Consider the continuous-time linear dynamic system ˙ = () + () + (), = () + (),where represents the vector of state variables of the system, the vector of control inputs and the vector of measured outputs available for feedback.
In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the ...
In Analytica release 4.4, the Smoothing option for PDF results uses KDE, and from expressions it is available via the built-in Pdf function. In C/C++, FIGTree is a library that can be used to compute kernel density estimates using normal kernels. MATLAB interface available. In C++, libagf is a library for variable kernel density estimation.