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Severe weather can occur under a variety of situations, but three characteristics are generally needed: a temperature or moisture boundary, moisture, and (in the event of severe, precipitation-based events) instability in the atmosphere.
Using samples from the archive, measurements of atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting substances, and other trace gases became possible. [2] After collection, every sample is analyzed and amounts of trace gases are recorded and verified with concurrent Cape Grim data.
The Earth's atmosphere is the origin of the weather phenomena studied in meteorology. Atmospheric composition, temperature, and pressure vary across a series of distinct sublayers including the troposphere and stratosphere. The properties of Earth's atmosphere vary by altitude across a series of distinct layers. atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)
Atmospheric optics is "the study of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere or products of atmospheric processes .... [including] temporal and spatial resolutions beyond those discernible with the naked eye". [1] Meteorological optics is "that part of atmospheric optics concerned with the study of patterns observable with the naked eye". [2]
Atmospheric windows are useful for astronomy, remote sensing, telecommunications and other science and technology applications. In the study of the greenhouse effect, the term atmospheric window may be limited to mean the infrared window, which is the primary escape route for a fraction of the thermal radiation emitted near the surface.
Mesoscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales ranging from 1 km to 1000 km and a vertical scale that starts at the Earth's surface and includes the atmospheric boundary layer, troposphere, tropopause, and the lower section of the stratosphere. Mesoscale timescales last from less than a day to multiple weeks.
Within any modern model is a set of equations, known as the primitive equations, used to predict the future state of the atmosphere. [61] These equations—along with the ideal gas law—are used to evolve the density, pressure, and potential temperature scalar fields and the velocity vector field of the atmosphere through
Regular, cyclical phenomena include seasons and atmospheric circulation. climate change is often semi-regular. Lightning strikes during the eruption of the Galunggung volcano in 1982