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During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action. [342] During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action. [343]
Later, with the French invasion of Italy in 1796, the Legations (the Papal States' northern territories [45]) were seized and became part of the Cisalpine Republic. [45] Two years later, French forces invaded the remaining area of the Papal States, and in February 1798 General Louis-Alexandre Berthier declared a Roman Republic. [45]
In 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, much of the Papal States had been conquered by the Kingdom of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II. The next year, Giuseppe Garibaldi 's Expedition of the Thousand resulted in the annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by Sardinia, leading to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on ...
Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), under whose rule the Papal States passed into secular control. Vatican during the Savoyard era describes the relation of the Vatican to Italy, after 1870, which marked the end of the Papal States, and 1929, when the papacy regained autonomy in the Lateran Treaty, a period dominated by the Roman Question.
Between 1798 and 1800, and again between 1809 and 1814, the Papal State was occupied by French troops and the pope was in exile. After the restoration of the Papal State by the Congress of Vienna, Pius VII set about reforming its administration, assisted by Cardinal Secretary of State Ercole Consalvi.
The Holy See exercised sovereign and secular power, as distinguished from its spiritual and pastoral activity, while the pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy. The Papal States ceased to exist following the capture of Rome in 1870 by the Royal Italian Army, after which its remaining territories were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
Papal States (since 1849) Kingdom of Sardinia Grand Duchy of Tuscany Briefly allied with: Papal States (until 1848) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies: Victory 15,580 casualties 12 January 1848 27 October 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states: Papal States Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Tuscany. Kingdom of Sicily. Provisional Government of ...
About 1.2 million Austrians served in all branches of the German armed forces during World War II. After the defeat of the Axis Powers, the Allies occupied Austria in four occupation zones set up at the end of World War II until 1955, when the country again became a fully independent republic under the condition that it remained neutral.