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This is a key point in the development of the tokamak; fusion reactions become self-sustaining at temperatures between 50 and 100 million Celsius, PLT demonstrated that this was technically achievable. [78] These experiments, especially PLT, put the US far in the lead in tokamak research.
As part of a renewed push for fusion power from around 2018, private sector stellarator projects have emerged and in number compete with, though are much less developed than, tokamak projects, [34] such as Renaissance Fusion [35] and Proxima Fusion, a Munich-based spin-off from the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, which steered the W7-X ...
Toroidal machines can be axially symmetric, like the tokamak and the reversed field pinch (RFP), or asymmetric, like the stellarator.The additional degree of freedom gained by giving up toroidal symmetry might ultimately be usable to produce better confinement, but the cost is complexity in the engineering, the theory, and the experimental diagnostics.
ITER also represents the most typical fusion reactor at this point, which is the tokamak; this is a donut-shaped canister where extremely powerful magnets control a swirling plasma that reaches ...
The Joint European Torus (JET) magnetic fusion experiment in 1991. Fusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. Devices designed to harness this energy are ...
A typical plasma in the MAST spherical tokamak machine at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in the UK. Magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) is an approach to generate thermonuclear fusion power that uses magnetic fields to confine fusion fuel in the form of a plasma.
Laser beams or laser-produced X-rays rapidly heat the surface of the fusion target, forming a surrounding plasma envelope. Fuel is compressed by the rocket-like blowoff of the hot surface material. During the final part of the capsule implosion, the fuel core reaches 20 times the density of lead and ignites at 100,000,000 ˚C.
The mainline confinement concepts of tokamak and stellarator do this in a toroidal chamber, which allows a great deal of control over the magnetic configuration, but requires a very complex construction. The field-reversed configuration offers an alternative in that the field lines are closed, providing good confinement, but the chamber is ...