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In software engineering, containerization is operating-system–level virtualization or application-level virtualization over multiple network resources so that software applications can run in isolated user spaces called containers in any cloud or non-cloud environment, regardless of type or vendor. [1]
OS-level virtualization is an operating system (OS) virtualization paradigm in which the kernel allows the existence of multiple isolated user space instances, including containers (LXC, Solaris Containers, AIX WPARs, HP-UX SRP Containers, Docker, Podman), zones (Solaris Containers), virtual private servers (), partitions, virtual environments (VEs), virtual kernels (DragonFly BSD), and jails ...
Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS) products that use OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers. [5] The service has both free and premium tiers. The software that hosts the containers is called Docker Engine. [6] It was first released in 2013 and is developed by Docker, Inc. [7]
^ OS-level virtualization is described as "native" speed, however some groups have found overhead as high as 3% for some operations, but generally figures come under 1%, so long as secondary effects do not appear. ^ See [20] for a paper comparing performance of paravirtualization approaches (e.g. Xen) with OS-level virtualization
Full virtualization – Almost complete virtualization of the actual hardware to allow software environments, including a guest operating system and its apps, to run unmodified. Paravirtualization – The guest apps are executed in their own isolated domains, as if they are running on a separate system, but a hardware environment is not simulated.
Container Linux provides no package manager as a way for distributing payload applications, requiring instead all applications to run inside their containers. Serving as a single control host, a Container Linux instance uses the underlying operating-system-level virtualization features of the Linux kernel to create and configure multiple containers that perform as isolated Linux systems.
Singularity is a free and open-source computer program that performs operating-system-level virtualization also known as containerization. [4]One of the main uses of Singularity is to bring containers and reproducibility to scientific computing and the high-performance computing (HPC) world.
LXC was initially developed by IBM, as part of a collaboration between several parties looking to add namespaces to the kernel. [7] It provides operating system-level virtualization through a virtual environment that has its own process and network space, instead of creating a full-fledged virtual machine.