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In 2005, a prototype of the first post-tensioned spiral stone staircase was made; called "Escalier Ridolfi" it was designed by Claudio D'Amato and Giuseppe Fallacara. [47] In 2006, the full-scale Escalier Ridolfi staircase was presented at the Venice Biennale of Architecture , constructed by Ateliers Romeo stonemasons [ 48 ]
Stone pavers are made of many materials including limestone, bluestone, basalt (such as that from The Palisades used in New York City), sandstone and granite. [19] Travertine is a durable, low-porous stone that stays cool in direct sunlight, making it a popular choice for pool-sides, patios, walkways and outdoor entertainment areas.
Pavement, in construction, is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering. Paving materials include asphalt, concrete, stones such as flagstone, cobblestone, and setts, artificial stone, bricks, tiles, and sometimes wood.
A concrete mixture called hypertufa is used for similar purposes. Hollowed out portions of these tufa cliffs once formed back walls of rooms in a large prehistoric pueblo that stood here in Bandelier National Monument. Note outlines of masonry that were the outer portions of structure, and small holes in cliff that once supported ends of floor ...
A floor is the bottom surface of a room or vehicle. Floors vary from simple dirt in a cave to many layered surfaces made with modern technology. Floors may be stone, wood, bamboo, metal or any other material that can support the expected load. The levels of a building are often referred to as floors, although sometimes referred to as storeys.
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Similarly, massive-precut stone (aka mass stone) has a connection to mass timber as allied low-carbon construction methods using traditional structural materials in a new context. Since 1948, MP stone buildings have been constructed in France, Algeria, Iran, [ 4 ] Switzerland, Palestine, United Kingdom, Spain, and India.
Some types of concrete used to make garden sculptures and planters have been called composition stone or composite stone. There is no single precise formula that differentiates composition stone from other lime-cemented concretes, which is unsurprising because the term predates modern chemical science, being attested since at latest the 1790s.