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The black Seminole culture that took shape after 1800 was a dynamic mixture of African, Native American, Spanish, and slave traditions. Adopting certain practices of the Native Americans, maroons wore Seminole clothing and ate the same foodstuffs prepared the same way: they gathered the roots of a native plant called coontie, grinding, soaking, and straining them to make a starchy flour ...
These people became known as Black Seminoles, establishing towns near Native American settlements. [14] During the Seminole Wars against the United States in the 19th century, however, particularly after the second war, most Seminole and Black Seminole were forced by the US to relocate west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory.
Florida's Seminole Indians, St. Petersburg: Great Outdoors Publishing Company. [ISBN missing] Schultz, Jack M. The Seminole Baptist Churches of Oklahoma: Maintaining a Traditional Community (2000). [ISBN missing] Porter, Kenneth. The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People (1996). [ISBN missing]
John Horse, Black Seminole leader. John Horse (c. 1812–1882), [1] also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, John Cowaya (with spelling variations) and Gopher John, [2] was a man of mixed African and Seminole ancestry who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida.
By 1814, the black population, both free and enslaved, of Florida had risen to 57%, compared to 27% in 1786. [16] The U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War .
The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, was a conflict from 1835 to 1842 in Florida between the United States and groups of people collectively known as Seminoles, consisting of Creek and Black Seminoles as well as other allied tribes (see below).
North Florida continued to be the home of the newly amalgamated black–native American Seminole culture and a haven for people escaping slavery in the southern United States. Settlers in southern Georgia demanded that Spain control the Seminole population and capture runaway slaves, to which Spain replied that the slave owners were welcome to ...
Contents: Counties in Florida with African American Historic Places Alachua - Baker - Duval - Escambia - Franklin - Lee - Leon - Miami-Dade - Monroe - Putnam - St. Johns - St. Lucie - Santa Rosa - Seminole - Volusia