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Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy. [1] The bleeding is bright red and tends not to be associated with pain. [1] Complications may include placenta accreta, dangerously low blood pressure, or bleeding after delivery. [2] [4] Complications for the baby may include fetal growth restriction. [1]
Risk factors such as diabetes, chronic blood pressure and multiple pregnancies can increase the risk of developing placental disease. [3] Also, exposure to sudden trauma can increase the risk of placental abruption which coincides with placental disease. [6] There is no target treatment available for placental disease.
Placenta previa is a condition that occurs when the placenta fully or partially covers the cervix. [13] Placenta previa can be further categorized into complete previa, partial previa, marginal previa, and low-lying placenta, depending on the degree to which the placenta covers the internal cervical os.
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
Complications for the baby can include fetal distress, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. [2] [3] The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. [2] Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section.
A history of placenta previa or any abnormal placenta implantation [7] Gestational hypertension or diabetes mellitus [8] Uterine rupture [6] Vacuum assisted delivery [6] Placental abruption [6] Amnioinfusion [6] The method by which labor is induced seemingly plays a role in the risk for amniotic fluid embolism as well. [4]
Symptoms: Postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, mass in the vagina, low blood pressure [1] Types: First, second, third, fourth degree [1] Risk factors: Pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached, uterine atony, placenta previa, connective tissue disorders [1] Diagnostic method
Velamentous Placenta: Normal umbilical cord insertion and velamentous umbilical cord insertion in pregnancy, with and without vasa previa. Specialty: Obstetrics Symptoms: Blood vessel compression, [1] [2] decrease in blood supply to the fetus, [2] [3] impaired growth and development of the fetus. [4] [5] Risk factors