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Many reactions studied are solvolysis reactions where a solvent molecule (often an alcohol) is the nucleophile. While still a second order reaction mechanistically, the reaction is kinetically first order as the concentration of the nucleophile–the solvent molecule, is effectively constant during the reaction.
The two main mechanisms were the S N 1 reaction and the S N 2 reaction, where S stands for substitution, N stands for nucleophilic, and the number represents the kinetic order of the reaction. [4] In the S N 2 reaction, the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of leaving group take place simultaneously (i.e. a concerted reaction).
The first step is typically rate determining. Thus, the entropy of activation is negative, which indicates an increase in order in the system. These reactions follow second order kinetics: the rate of the appearance of product depends on the concentration of MX 4 and Y. The rate law is governed by the Eigen–Wilkins Mechanism.
In order for the S N 2 reaction to take place there must be a good leaving group which is strongly electronegative, commonly a halide. [4] In the Williamson ether reaction there is an alkoxide ion (RO −) which acts as the nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbon with the leaving group, which in most cases is an alkyl tosylate or an ...
The rate of the S N 2 reaction is second order overall due to the reaction being bimolecular (i.e. there are two molecular species involved in the rate-determining step). The reaction does not have any intermediate steps, only a transition state. This means that all the bond making and bond breaking takes place in a single step. In order for ...
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In this reaction, the silver oxide in the first step acts as a hydroxide donor while the silver ion plays no role in the reaction. The intermediates are the carboxyl dianion A which gives an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution by the β-carboxylate anion to produce a four-membered β- lactone ring B .