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The desalination process's energy consumption depends on the water's salinity. Brackish water desalination requires less energy than seawater desalination. [82] The energy intensity of seawater desalination has improved: It is now about 3 kWh/m 3 (in 2018), down by a factor of 10 from 20-30 kWh/m 3 in 1970.
Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages. [1]
Multiple-effect distillation or multi-effect distillation (MED) is a distillation process often used for sea water desalination. It consists of multiple stages or "effects". In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes, usually by spraying saline water onto them.
The first method utilizes an ejector system motivated by steam at manometric pressure from an external source in order to recycle vapor from the desalination process. The form is designated ejectocompression or thermocompression. Using the second method, water vapor is compressed by means of a mechanical device, electrically driven in most cases.
In China a desalination plant was planned for Tianjin in 2010, to produce 100,000 m³ of desalinated seawater a day. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In Spain in 2004, 20 reverse osmosis plants were planned to be built along the Costas, expecting to meet slightly over 1% of Spain's total water needs.
The second system type is a so-called two-loop plant with a capacity of around 2,000 litres per day (530 US gal/d). Here, the collector circuit is separated from the desalination circuit by a saltwater resistant heat exchanger. [7] Based on these two system types, a various number of prototypes were developed, installed and observed.
The process has the feature of inherently low fouling because of the forward osmosis first step, unlike conventional reverse osmosis desalination plants where fouling is often a problem. Modern Water has deployed forward osmosis based desalination plants in Gibraltar and Oman.
Dewvaporation is a novel desalination technology developed at Arizona State University (Tempe) as an energy efficient tool for freshwater procurement and saline waste stream management. The system has relatively low installation costs and low operation and maintenance requirements. [1]
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