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  2. Blue field entoptic phenomenon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_field_entoptic_phenomenon

    Red blood cells pile up behind the white blood cell, showing up like a dark tail. [6] This behavior of the blood cells in the capillaries of the retina has been directly observed in human subjects by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, a real time imaging technique for examining retinal blood flow. [7]

  3. Rouleaux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouleaux

    Rouleaux (singular is rouleau) are stacks or aggregations of red blood cells (RBCs) that form because of the unique discoid shape of the cells in vertebrates. The flat surface of the discoid RBCs gives them a large surface area to make contact with and stick to each other; thus forming a rouleau.

  4. Photoreceptor cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

    A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation ) into signals that can stimulate biological processes.

  5. Cone cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cell

    Cone cells are somewhat shorter than rods, but wider and tapered, and are much less numerous than rods in most parts of the retina, but greatly outnumber rods in the fovea. Structurally, cone cells have a cone -like shape at one end where a pigment filters incoming light, giving them their different response curves.

  6. Rod cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_cell

    On average, there are approximately 92 million rod cells (vs ~6 million cones) in the human retina. [1] Rod cells are more sensitive than cone cells and are almost entirely responsible for night vision. However, rods have little role in color vision, which is the main reason why colors are much less apparent in dim light.

  7. Retina horizontal cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_horizontal_cell

    Horizontal cells and other retinal interneuron cells are less likely to be near neighbours of the same subtype than would occur by chance, resulting in ‘exclusion zones’ that separate them. Mosaic arrangements provide a mechanism to distribute each cell type evenly across the retina, ensuring that all parts of the visual field have access ...

  8. Retinal pigment epithelium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium

    Choroid dissected from a calf's eye, showing black RPE and iridescent blue tapetum lucidum. The RPE was known in the 18th and 19th centuries as the pigmentum nigrum, referring to the observation that the RPE is dark (black in many animals, brown in humans); and as the tapetum nigrum, referring to the observation that in animals with a tapetum lucidum, in the region of the tapetum lucidum the ...

  9. Macula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula

    The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) [1] or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas.