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Stage 0 can also mean no remaining cancer after preoperative treatment in some cancers (e.g. colorectal cancer). Stage I: cancers are localized to one part of the body. Stage I cancer can be surgically removed if small enough. Stage II: cancers are locally advanced. Stage II cancer can be treated by chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery.
An illustration depicting primary tumor (in the form of tumor microenvironment) and the circulating tumor cells. A circulating tumor cell (CTC) is a cancer cell from a primary tumor that has shed into the blood of the circulatory system, or the lymph of the lymphatic system. [1]
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. [1]
M2-PK, as measured in feces, is a potential tumor marker for colorectal cancer.When measured in feces with a cutoff value of 4 U/ml, its sensitivity has been estimated to be 85% (with a 95% confidence interval of 65 to 96%) for colon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. [1]
Acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by a chromosomal translocation involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene on chromosome 17. [3] In 95% of cases of APL, the RARA gene on chromosome 17 is involved in a reciprocal translocation with the promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) on chromosome 15, a translocation denoted as t(15;17)(q22;q21). [3]
Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults (about 2–4 ng/mL). [2] However, the serum levels are raised in some types of cancer, which means that it can be used as a tumor marker in clinical tests. Serum levels can also be elevated in heavy smokers. [3]
The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [2] [7] These contrast with benign ...