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The most common process starts with propene (propylene), which is put through a hydroformylation reaction to form butanal, which is then reduced with hydrogen to 1-butanol and/or 2-butanol. tert-butanol is derived from isobutane as a co-product of propylene oxide production. Butanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by bacteria.
The production of butanol by biological means was first performed by Louis Pasteur in 1861. [5] In 1905, Austrian biochemist Franz Schardinger found that acetone could similarly be produced. [5] In 1910 Auguste Fernbach (1860–1939) developed a bacterial fermentation process using potato starch as a feedstock in the production of butanol. [6]
Solventogenesis is the biochemical production of solvents (usually acetone and butanol) by Clostridium species. [1] It is the second phase of ABE fermentation. [2] This figure shows acidogenic and solventogenic phases of ABE fermentation by solventogenic Clostridium species.
n-Butanol can be produced by fermentation of biomass by the A.B.E. process using Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii. C. acetobutylicum was once used for the production of acetone from starch. The butanol was a by-product of fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced).
In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms. [1] The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane. [2]
The butanol was a by-product of this fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The process also creates a recoverable amount of H 2 and a number of other by-products: acetic, lactic and propionic acids, isopropanol and ethanol. Biobutanol can be made entirely with solar energy, from algae (called Solalgal Fuel) or diatoms.
Butanol combustion: C 4 H 9 OH + 6O 2 → 4CO 2 + 5H 2 O + heat Propanol combustion: 2C 3 H 7 OH + 9O 2 → 6 CO 2 + 8H 2 O + heat The 3-carbon alcohol, propanol (C 3 H 7 OH), is not often used as a direct fuel source for petrol engines (unlike ethanol, methanol and butanol), with most being directed into use as a solvent. However, it is used ...
1-Butanol, also known as butan-1-ol or n-butanol, is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C 4 H 9 OH and a linear structure. Isomers of 1-butanol are isobutanol, butan-2-ol and tert-butanol. The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer.