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Social-science methodologist Donald T. Campbell, who emphasized hypothesis testing throughout his career, later increasingly emphasized that the essence of science is "not experimentation per se" but instead the iterative competition of "plausible rival hypotheses", a process that at any given phase may start from evidence or may start from ...
An expert witness is a witness, who by virtue of education, training, skill, or experience, is believed to have expertise and specialised knowledge in a particular subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially and legally rely upon the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about an evidence or fact issue within the scope of his ...
Scientific consensus is the generally held judgment, position, and opinion of the majority or the supermajority of scientists in a particular field of study at any particular time. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Consensus is achieved through scholarly communication at conferences , the publication process, replication of reproducible results by others, scholarly ...
Science is not merely an ivory tower enterprise; it is a service to society that transcends political affiliation and can also generate economic returns which voters have shared is one of their ...
This week, a new survey from Pew Research Center substantiated our experience: It reported a decline in the public’s trust in scientists, and a decrease even the belief that science has a ...
The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, not the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the primacy of ...
Science, which plays a crucial role in governance and public policy, should not be a partisan issue. Yet it has become one. Opinion - Donald Trump politicized science with lethal consequences, and ...
In phenomenology, evidence is limited to intuitive knowledge, often associated with the controversial assumption that it provides indubitable access to truth. In the philosophy of science, evidence is material that confirms or disconfirms scientific hypotheses, acting as a neutral arbiter between