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This means the upstream and downstream areas of the molecule may change depending on which gene is used as the reference. The terms upstream and downstream are sometimes also applied to a polypeptide sequence, where upstream refers to a region N-terminal and downstream to residues C-terminal of a reference point.
Eukaryotic genes have acquired extensive regulatory sequences that encompass a large number of regulator-binding sites and spread overall kilobases (sometimes hundreds of kilobases) from the promoter–-both upstream and downstream. [1] The regulator binding sites are often clustered together into units called enhancers.
Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades. [1] Receptors and ligands are common upstream signaling molecules that dictate the downstream elements of the signal pathway. A plethora of different factors affect which ligands bind to which receptors and the downstream cellular response that they initiate.
The regulatory sequence elements (yellow) at the start of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene, can be immediately upstream of the open read frame (ORF, red), or many kilobases away (upstream or downstream). Promoter and enhancer regions up-regulate (and silencers downregulate) transcription from DNA to mRNA.
In eukaryotes, the TATA box is located 25 base pairs upstream of the start site that Rpb4/Rbp7 use to initiate transcription. In metazoans, the TATA box is located 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. [5] While in yeast, S. cerevisiae, the TATA box has a variable position which can range from 40 to 100 bp upstream of the ...
Upstream and Downstream, the notional directions which lie "towards" and "away from" the author of a piece of software, relative to the speaker See also [ edit ]
The relative positions of structures along strands of nucleic acid, including genes and various protein binding sites, are usually noted as being either upstream (towards the 5′-end) or downstream (towards the 3′-end). (See also upstream and downstream.) Directionality is related to, but different from, sense.
Upstream detections of DNA damage via DDR will lead to the activation of downstream responses such as senescence, cell apoptosis, halting transcription and activating DNA repair mechanisms. [4] Proteins such as the proteins ATM , ATR and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) are vital for the process of detection of DSB in DDR, and these ...