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Aside from SOEs, there are also provincially- or municipally-owned corporations, locally known as Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD). The primary difference between BUMNs and BUMDs is the ownership of the enterprise, whereas BUMNs are controlled by the Ministry of State Owned Enterprise while BUMDs are directly controlled by the local government.
The Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (Indonesian: Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara, shortened as Kementerian BUMN) is an Indonesian government ministry that oversee the development of state-owned enterprises in Indonesia. The ministry is led by a Minister of State Owned Enterprises, who reports to the President. [1]
This is guided by the idea that once concentration of production develops into a particular level, it will become a monopoly, like party organisations of Cartel, Syndicate, and Trust. [ 8 ] Cartel - In economics, a cartel is an agreement between competing firms to control prices or exclude entry of a new competitor in a market.
A common management structure of organizations includes three management levels: low-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. Low-level managers manage the work of non-managerial individuals who are directly involved with the production or creation of the organization's products.
Executive managers hold executive powers delegated to them with and by authority of a board of directors and/or the shareholders.Generally, higher levels of responsibility exist, such as a board of directors and those who own the company (shareholders), but they focus on managing the senior or executive management instead of on the day-to-day activities of the business.
Pertamina fuel station in Bali. PT Pertamina (Persero) [a] is an Indonesian state-owned oil and natural gas corporation, headquartered in Jakarta. [2] It was created in August 1968 by the merger of Pertamin (established 1961) and Permina (established in 1957).
This subdivisions is a local level of government beneath the provincial level. However, they enjoy greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as provision of public schools and public health facilities. They were formerly known collectively as Daerah Tingkat II (Level II Region). [14]
First-level Second-level Third-level Fourth-level Fifth-level+ Afghanistan: Unitary 34 provinces (velaya'at) 421 districts (woleswali) subdistricts (alaqadari) Albania: Unitary 12 counties (qarqe) 61 municipalities (bashki) 373 units of local governance (njësite të qeverisjes vendore) 2,972 villages (fshatra) Algeria: Unitary 58 provinces