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Inexpensive stirrups may be made of nickel, which can easily bend or break. Stirrups may also be made of synthetic materials and various metallic alloys. There are many variations on the standard stirrup design, most claiming either to be safer in the event of a fall or to make it easier for a rider to maintain a proper foot and leg position.
Stirrup sample. Stirrups form the outer part of a rebar cage. The function of stirrups (often referred to as 'reinforcing steel links' and 'shear links') is threefold: to give the main reinforcement bars structure, to maintain a correct level of concrete cover, and to maintain an equal transferance of force throughout the supporting elements. [30]
where I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section and c is the distance of the top of the beam from the neutral axis (see beam theory for more details). For a beam of cross-sectional area a and height h , the ideal cross-section would have half the area at a distance h / 2 above the cross-section and the other half at a ...
There are some analytical stress-strain models and damage indices for confined and unconfined concretes to simulate reinforced concrete columns that make possible without any experimental test to evaluate the stress-strain relationship and damage of confined and unconfined concretes situated inside and outside of stirrups.
The function of rebar spacers is to maintain the precise positioning of steel reinforcement, facilitating the implementation of theoretical design specifications in concrete construction. This includes ensuring the appropriate steel cover for specific structural elements (such as in a concrete slab or a beam ) should be generally uniform within ...
An axlebox, also known as a journal box in North America, is the mechanical subassembly on each end of the axles under a railway wagon, coach or locomotive; it contains bearings and thus transfers the wagon, coach or locomotive weight to the wheels and rails; the bearing design is typically oil-bathed plain bearings on older rolling stock, or roller bearings on newer rolling stock.
Historically a beam is a squared timber, but may also be made of metal, stone, or a combination of wood and metal [1] such as a flitch beam.Beams primarily carry vertical gravitational forces, but they are also used to carry horizontal loads such as those due to earthquake or wind, or in tension to resist rafter thrust or compression (collar beam).
where is the flexural modulus (in Pa), is the second moment of area (in m 4), is the transverse displacement of the beam at x, and () is the bending moment at x. The flexural rigidity (stiffness) of the beam is therefore related to both E {\displaystyle E} , a material property, and I {\displaystyle I} , the physical geometry of the beam.