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Coxsackieviruses are divided into group A and group B viruses based on early observations of their pathogenicity in neonatal mice. [1] Group A coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a flaccid paralysis (which was caused by generalized myositis) while group B coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a spastic paralysis (due to focal muscle injury and degeneration of neuronal tissue).
Coxsackie A virus is a subgroup of enterovirus A, which are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Its protective, icosahedral capsid has an external portion that contains sixty copies of viral proteins (VP1,-2,-3) and an internal portion surrounding the RNA genome containing sixty copies of VP4 viral proteins.
Coxsackie B infections usually do not cause serious disease, although for newborns in the first 1–2 weeks of life, Coxsackie B infections can easily be fatal. [2] The pancreas is a frequent target, which can cause pancreatitis. [2] Coxsackie B3 (CB3) infections are the most common enterovirus cause of myocarditis and sudden cardiac death. [8]
Herpangina, also called mouth blisters, is a painful mouth infection caused by coxsackieviruses.Usually, herpangina is produced by one particular strain of coxsackie virus A (and the term "herpangina virus" refers to coxsackievirus A), [1] but it can also be caused by coxsackievirus B or echoviruses. [2]
Coxsackie B4 virus are enteroviruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family. These viruses can be found worldwide. These viruses can be found worldwide. They are positive-sense , single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses with icosahedral geometry.
Echovirus 9 (also known as E-9, E.C.H.O. 9, and formerly Coxsackie A23 or A23 virus) [1] is a serotype of echovirus. When first discovered, it was labelled as a coxsackie A virus, A23. It was later discovered that A23 was an echovirus antigenically identical to the already-known echovirus 9. [2] Echovirus 9 is the most common enterovirus type. [3]
Over the last couple of decades, numerous culprits have been identified as playing a role in myocarditis pathogenesis in addition to the enterovirus, which at first was the most commonly implicated virus in this pathology. [50] One of the most common enteroviruses found to be responsible for causing Myocarditis is the Coxsackie B3 virus. [50]
CAR is a receptor for both Coxsackie B virus and adenovirus 2 and 5, which are structurally distinct. [22] In patients with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy, elevated Coxsackie B2 viral nucleic acids have been detected in myocardial biopsy samples. [23]