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Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension .
Toughened glass was invented in 1874 by Francois Barthelemy Alfred Royer de la Bastie. [1] Wire mesh glass was invented in 1892 by Frank Shuman. [2] [3] Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by the French chemist Édouard Bénédictus (1878–1930). [4] These three approaches can easily be combined, allowing for the creation of glass that is at ...
Also unlike toughened glass, chemically strengthened glass may be cut after strengthening, but loses its added strength within approximately 20 mm of the cut. Similarly, when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength. Another negative of chemically strengthened glass is the added cost.
Even if all the lenses were broken out, the panel would still be safe to walk on. [15] In the 1930s, London authorities ruled that glass sections could not be larger than 100 mm by 100 mm. [20] Modern glass floors are made of laminated and toughened glass pavers, which can be substantially larger.
Triplex made laminated and toughened windscreens and windows for the automotive, rail, marine and aerospace sectors. Particularly widespread is the use of so-called "triplex" adhesives, which result from the bonding of two or more glasses – single or safety – usually via polyvinylbutyric (PVB) membranes.
Imperfections of the glass, such as bubbles, and in particular surface flaws, such as scratches, have a great effect on the strength of glass and decrease it even more than for other brittle materials. [2] [1] The chemical composition of the glass also impacts its tensile strength. [3]
President Trump struggled to lift a glass of water Saturday during his speech to U.S. Military Academy graduates at West Point. After his speech, Trump also looked unsteady as he walked down a set ...
In automobiles, the laminated glass panel is around 6.5 mm (0.26 inches) thick, in comparison to airplane glass being three times as thick. [21] In airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, there is often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm thick PVB between them.
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