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Crystallization can occur through spontaneous nucleation, encouragement with a seed, ... For example, tin and lead super conduct at low temperatures, [5] ...
Crystallization is the process by which solids form, ... Low-temperature SEM magnification series for a snow crystal. The crystals are captured, stored, and sputter ...
Higher temperatures destroy the molecular arrangement and below the glass transition temperature, the movement of molecular chains is frozen. [6] Nevertheless, secondary crystallization can proceed even below T g, in the time scale of months and years. This process affects mechanical properties of the polymers and decreases their volume because ...
Next, fractional crystallization is usually an inherently safe technology, because it operates at low pressures and low temperatures. Also, it does not use any solvents and is emission-free. Finally, since the latent heat of solidification is 3–6x lower than the heat of evaporation , the energy consumption is – in comparison to distillation ...
Combined with certain metallic species, amorphous films can crystallize in a process known as metal-induced crystallization (MIC). The effect was discovered in 1969, when amorphous germanium (a-Ge) films crystallized at surprisingly low temperatures when in contact with Al, Ag, Cu, or Sn. [ 1 ]
Within the field of geology, Bowen's reaction series is the work of the Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen, [1] who summarized, based on experiments and observations of natural rocks, the sequence of crystallization of common silicate minerals from typical basaltic magma undergoing fractional crystallization (i.e. crystallization wherein early-formed crystals are removed from the magma by ...
Specific heat of several noncrystalline solids, plotted as (, /) graph, showing linear dependence component in the low-temperature regime. [ 41 ] In 1971, Zeller and Pohl discovered that [ 42 ] when glass is at a very low temperature ~1K, its specific heat has a linear component: c ≈ c 1 T + c 3 T 3 {\displaystyle c\approx c_{1}T+c_{3}T^{3}} .
Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to the slow removal of heat when in contact with air, which is a poor heat conductor.
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