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Prolactin plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of the immune system and pancreatic development. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by Oscar Riddle [ 8 ] and confirmed in humans in 1970 by Henry Friesen , [ 9 ] prolactin is a peptide hormone , encoded by the PRL gene .
For example, high prolactin levels could result from diseases affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. [2] Other organs, such as the liver and kidneys, could affect prolactin clearance and consequently, prolactin levels in the serum. [2] The disruption of prolactin regulation could also be attributed to external sources such as ...
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
A prolactin cell (also known as a lactotropic cell, epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin (a peptide hormone) in response to hormonal signals including dopamine (which is inhibitory), thyrotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen (especially during pregnancy), which are stimulatory.
A prolactin modulator is a drug which affects the hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis (HPP axis) by modulating the secretion of the pituitary hormone prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin inhibitors suppress and prolactin releasers induce the secretion of prolactin, respectively. [1] [2]
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the PRLH gene. [5] PrRP stimulates prolactin (PRL) release and regulates the expression of prolactin through binding to the prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (GPR10).
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Prolactin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein are two examples of the hormones and growth factors that relaxin can stimulate the secretion of. [21] Preprorelaxin is the collective term for the signal peptide , B chain, C peptide, and A chain found in the coding area of human relaxin genes. [ 22 ]