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  2. Hard water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

    The presence of ions in an electrolyte, in this case, hard water, can also lead to galvanic corrosion, in which one metal will preferentially corrode when in contact with another type of metal when both are in contact with an electrolyte. The softening of hard water by ion exchange does not increase its corrosivity per se.

  3. Erosion corrosion of copper water tubes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_corrosion_of...

    Erosion corrosion, also known as impingement damage, is the combined effect of corrosion and erosion caused by rapid flowing turbulent water.It is probably the second most common cause of copper tube failures behind Type 1 pitting which is also known as Cold Water Pitting of Copper Tube.

  4. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, in water causes a variety of problems. [1] Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic corrosion. [2] In industrial scale water softening plants, the effluent flow from the re ...

  5. Cold water pitting of copper tube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_water_pitting_of...

    In addition to being cold hard and organically pure, the water needs a specific chemistry. The effect of the water chemistry can be empirically determined though use of the Pitting Propensity Rating (PPR) a number that takes into account the sulfate, chloride, nitrate and sodium ion concentrations of the water as well as its acidity or pH. A ...

  6. Corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion

    Concentration cells can form in the deposits of corrosion products, leading to localized corrosion. Accelerated low-water corrosion (ALWC) is a particularly aggressive form of MIC that affects steel piles in seawater near the low water tide mark. It is characterized by an orange sludge, which smells of hydrogen sulfide when treated with acid.

  7. How to remove hard water deposits from your faucets and shower

    www.aol.com/remove-hard-water-deposits-faucets...

    Consuming hard water can aid growth, bone and muscle function, and blood pressure. On the flip side, some studies suggest drinking hard water long-term may indirectly contribute to kidney problems.

  8. Fouling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouling

    Biofouling or biological fouling is the undesirable accumulation of micro-organisms, algae and diatoms, plants, and animals on surfaces, such as ships and submarine hulls, or piping and reservoirs with untreated water. This can be accompanied by microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Bacteria can form biofilms or slimes.

  9. Limescale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescale

    Limescale is a hard, chalky deposit, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). It often builds up inside kettles, boilers, and pipework, especially that for hot water. It is also often found as a similar deposit on the inner surfaces of old pipes and other surfaces where hard water has flowed.