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In metallurgy, cold forming or cold working is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature.. Such processes are contrasted with hot working techniques like hot rolling, forging, welding, etc. [1]: p.375 The same or similar terms are used in glassmaking for the equivalents; for example cut glass is made by "cold ...
EN 1993-1-3 gives design requirements for cold-formed thin gauge members and sheeting. It applies to cold-formed steel products made from coated or uncoated thin gauge hot or cold rolled sheet or strip, that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-braking.
A displacer is a solid body which moves back and forth in the cold head driving the gas back and forth between the warm and the cold end of the cold head via the regenerator. No work is required to move the displacer since, ideally there is no pressure drop over it. Typically its motion is 90 degrees out of phase with the piston.
The effects of cold working may be reversed by annealing the material at high temperatures where recovery and recrystallization reduce the dislocation density. A material's work hardenability can be predicted by analyzing a stress–strain curve , or studied in context by performing hardness tests before and after a process.
In this function, they are called a cryotrap, waterpump or cold trap, even though the physical mechanism is the same as for a cryopump. Cryotrapping can also refer to a somewhat different effect, where molecules will increase their residence time on a cold surface without actually freezing (supercooling). There is a delay between the molecule ...
Operations in cold and mountainous regions are not new to the U.S. Army. Ever since the Revolutionary War, when the ill-equipped and poorly trained Army of General Washington suffered in the cold at Valley Forge, some phase of almost every conflict in which the United States has been engaged in, has been fought in mountains or cold, or both ...
Cold forming has the effect of increasing the yield strength of steel, the increase being the consequence of cold working well into the strain-hardening range. This increase is in the zones where the material is deformed by bending or working. The yield stress can be assumed to have been increased by 15% or more for design purposes.
Cold Rooms for experimentation on frozen materials A Frost Effects Research Facility (FERF), devoted to the study of large-scale soil systems, like pavements. An Ice Engineering Facility (IEF), which is devoted to the study of ice effects in navigable waterways, hydrology and hydraulics problems, flooding, and other matters that may result from ...