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  2. Scientific method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

    The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has been referred to while doing science since at least the 17th century. The scientific method involves careful observation coupled with rigorous scepticism, because cognitive assumptions can distort the interpretation of the observation.

  3. Scientific evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence

    A causal relationship between the observations and hypothesis does not exist to cause the observation to be taken as evidence, [3] but rather the causal relationship is provided by the person seeking to establish observations as evidence. A more formal method to characterize the effect of background beliefs is Bayesian inference. [5]

  4. Observation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation

    Observation in the natural sciences [1] is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving [2] and the acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer to ...

  5. Observational study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_study

    Anthropological survey paper from 1961 by Juhan Aul from University of Tartu who measured about 50 000 people. In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.

  6. Empirical evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

    In the philosophy of science, it is sometimes held that there are two sources of empirical evidence: observation and experimentation. [43] The idea behind this distinction is that only experimentation involves manipulation or intervention: phenomena are actively created instead of being passively observed.

  7. Identifiability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifiability

    In statistics, identifiability is a property which a model must satisfy for precise inference to be possible. A model is identifiable if it is theoretically possible to learn the true values of this model's underlying parameters after obtaining an infinite number of observations from it.

  8. Inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference

    The validity of an inference depends on the form of the inference. That is, the word "valid" does not refer to the truth of the premises or the conclusion, but rather to the form of the inference. An inference can be valid even if the parts are false, and can be invalid even if some parts are true.

  9. Observer bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_bias

    Observational data forms the foundation of a significant body of knowledge. Observation is a method of data collection and falls into the category of qualitative research techniques. There are a number of benefits of observation, including its simplicity as a data collection method and its usefulness for hypotheses.