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According to the 5th Article, section XXXVI [15] of the Brazilian Constitution, laws cannot have ex post facto effects that affect acquired rights, accomplished juridical acts and res judicata. The same article in section XL [15] prohibits ex post facto criminal laws. Like France, there is an exception when retroactive criminal laws benefit the ...
The Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990 [1], Title III of the Crime Control Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–647, 104 Stat. 4789, enacted November 29, 1990, S. 3266, is part of a United States Act of Congress which amended 18 U.S.C. § 2257 in respect to record-keeping requirements as set by the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988, also establishing ...
Child pornography first became illegal at the federal level in 1978, with the enactment of the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act of 1977. [3] Before the 1978 law, child pornography was illegal in only two states. [4] The 1978 law was subsequently strengthened in 1984, with the passage of the Child Protection Act. [5]
In most states, much more severe offenses and/or sentences exist for cases with young children, approximately under 12–13. Many states [ 8 ] include in their penal codes a "Romeo and Juliet" exception for cases where sexual activity occurs between a young adult and a minor whose ages are within a few years of each other. [ 9 ]
The Guidelines are the product of the United States Sentencing Commission, which was created by the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. [3] The Guidelines' primary goal was to alleviate sentencing disparities that research had indicated were prevalent in the existing sentencing system, and the guidelines reform was specifically intended to provide for determinate sentencing.
Mandatory sentencing and increased punishment were enacted when the United States Congress passed the Boggs Act of 1951. [9] The act made a first time cannabis possession offense a minimum of two to ten years with a fine up to $20,000; however, in 1970, the United States Congress repealed mandatory penalties for cannabis offenses. [10]
Crack cocaine. The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (Pub. L. 111–220 (text)) was an Act of Congress that was signed into federal law by United States President Barack Obama on August 3, 2010, that reduces the disparity between the amount of crack cocaine and powder cocaine needed to trigger certain federal criminal penalties from a 100:1 weight ratio to an 18:1 weight ratio [1] and eliminated the ...
Section 43 is titled "Force, violence, and threats involving animal enterprises" and prohibits intentional disruption or harm to "animal enterprises" through interstate or foreign commerce, and provides various penalties. Section 44 has been repealed per Public Law 97-79, Section 9(b)(2), as of November 16, 1981. 95 Stat. 1079.