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  2. Tone sandhi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_sandhi

    Tone sandhi occurs to some extent in nearly all tonal languages, manifesting itself in different ways. [1] Tonal languages, characterized by their use of pitch to affect meaning, appear all over the world, especially in the Niger-Congo language family of Africa, and the Sino-Tibetan language family of East Asia, [2] as well as other East Asian languages such as Kra-Dai, and Papuan languages.

  3. Comparison of Standard Chinese transcription systems

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard...

    Hanyu Pinyin Bopomofo Tong-yong Wade– Giles MPS II Yale EFEO Lessing –Othmer Gwoyeu Romatzyh IPA Note Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 a: ㄚ: a: a: a: a: a: a: a: ar: aa: ah: a: ai

  4. Standard Chinese phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology

    Yuen Ren Chao considered the changed tone 2 to be identical to tone 1, and Cao Wen treated it as tone 1 (before tones 1 or 4) or tone 4 (before tones 2 or 3). [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Both views are generalizations; the exact pitch contour of the changed tone 2 varies between mid-level ˧ in isolated words or at a slower speaking rate, and slightly ...

  5. Historical Chinese phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology

    A tone split occurs as a result of the loss of the voicing distinction in initial consonants. The split tones then merge back together except for Middle Chinese tone 1; hence Middle Chinese tones 1,2,3 become Mandarin tones 1,2,3,4. (Some syllables with original Mandarin tone 3 move to tone 4; see below.)

  6. Tone number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_number

    In Mandarin, the numeral "one", originally in tone 1, is pronounced in tone 4 if followed by a classifier in tone 1, 2, or 3. It is pronounced in tone 2 if the classifier has tone 4. In Taiwanese tone sandhi, tone 1 is pronounced as tone 7 if followed by another syllable in a polysyllabic word. Some romanization schemes, like Jyutping, use tone ...

  7. Chinese character sounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character_sounds

    Mandarin Chinese totally has about 1,300 different syllables with tones (only over 400 syllables if the tones are not taken into account). And modern Chinese has more than 10,000 characters, with an average of over 7.5 characters per syllable.

  8. Yi script - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_script

    Other tones are represented in Sichuan Yi Pinyin by appending a basic Latin consonant, and transcribed in IPA by appending modifier digits or IPA tone symbols, or by adding an accent diacritic above the base vowel symbol: t : high level tone (55), i.e. [a̋] (or alternatively [a⁵⁵] or [a˥])

  9. Changed tone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changed_tone

    A "changed" tone is the tone of the word when it is read in a particular lexical or grammatical context, while the base (or underlying) tone is usually the tone of the word when read in citation. [2] It is thus distinct from tone sandhi , which are automatic modifications of tone created by their phonetic environment, without regard to meaning.