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Glycolic acid is the major metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for toxicity. The three main systems affected by ethylene glycol poisoning are the central nervous system, metabolic processes, and the kidneys. [7] The central nervous system is affected early in the course of poisoning as the result of a direct action of ethylene glycol.
The cough syrup in question was produced by Maiden Pharmaceuticals, and it has been implicated in child deaths in Gambia. Tests conducted by two independent laboratories on behalf of the WHO confirmed the presence of lethal toxins—ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in the syrup. Indian authorities, however, did not find any toxins, but did ...
Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure [1] or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). [ 2 ] To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.
Ethylene glycol has relatively high mammalian toxicity when ingested, roughly on par with methanol, with an oral LD Lo = 786 mg/kg for humans. [30] The major danger is due to its sweet taste, which can attract children and animals. Upon ingestion, ethylene glycol is oxidized to glycolic acid, which is, in turn, oxidized to oxalic acid, which is ...
Diethylene glycol has "moderate to low" acute toxicity [14] in animal experiments. The LD 50 for small mammals is between 2 and 25 g/kg, less toxic than its relative ethylene glycol but still capable of causing toxicity in humans (in high concentrations only). [15]
Methanol has a moderate to high toxicity in humans. As little as 10 mL of pure methanol when drunk is metabolized into formic acid , which can cause permanent blindness by destruction of the optic nerve . 15 mL is potentially fatal, [ 1 ] although the median lethal dose is typically 100 mL (3.4 fl oz) (i.e. 1–2 mL/kg body weight of pure ...
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It may also result from alcohol excess and from starvation; in both states the glucose level is normal or low. Metabolic acidosis may occur in people with diabetes for other reasons, such as poisoning with ethylene glycol or paraldehyde. [3] The American Diabetes Association categorizes DKA in adults into one of three stages of severity: [3]