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Extremely low frequency (ELF) is the ITU designation [1] for electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) with frequencies from 3 to 30 Hz, and corresponding wavelengths of 100,000 to 10,000 kilometers, respectively. [2] [3] In atmospheric science, an alternative definition is usually given, from 3 Hz to 3 kHz.
Low frequency (LF) is the ITU designation [1] for radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 30–300 kHz.Since its wavelengths range from 10–1 km, respectively, it is also known as the kilometre band or kilometre waves.
Very low frequency or VLF is the ITU designation [1] for radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 3–30 kHz, corresponding to wavelengths from 100 to 10 km, respectively. The band is also known as the myriameter band or myriameter wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten myriameters (an obsolete metric unit equal to 10 kilometers).
In 1887, German physicist Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating electromagnetic waves lower in frequency than light, radio waves, in his laboratory, [6] showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light: standing waves, refraction, diffraction, and polarization.
The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. From low to high frequency these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are ...
Ultra low frequency (ULF) is the ITU designation [1] for the frequency range of electromagnetic waves between 300 hertz and 3 kilohertz, corresponding to wavelengths between 1,000 to 100 km. In magnetosphere science and seismology , alternative definitions are usually given, including ranges from 1 mHz to 100 Hz, [ 2 ] 1 mHz to 1 Hz, [ 3 ] and ...
Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide". [5] At the high frequency end the radio spectrum is bounded by the infrared band. The boundary between radio waves and infrared waves is defined at different frequencies in different ...
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. [1]: 26‑1 As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption, polarization, and scattering. [2]