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The scholar of religion Mary Ann Clark labelled Santería a "female oriented and female normative" religion, [152] arguing that all of its practitioners are expected to take on "female gender roles" during its rituals. [153] Women can hold the highest leadership positions, [154] although restrictions are placed on them while menstruating. [155]
Most adhered to a complex system of belief and ritual, now known as Yoruba traditional religion, that had developed among the Yoruba city-states. [15] Much orisha worship was rooted in localised tradition, however certain orisha were worshipped widely, due in part to the extent and influence of the Yoruba-led Oyo Empire . [ 16 ]
The annual celebration of one's initiation into the religion is known as the cumpleaños de santo ("birthday in the saint"). [66] As an initiate becomes more deeply involved in the religion, they learn about each of the different deities and make offerings to each of them in exchange for spiritual blessings and aché. [33]
In Puerto Rico, brujeria has evolved from Indigenous Taino beliefs, African spiritual practices, and Spanish Catholicism. Afro-Latin traditions such as Espiritismo (spiritism) and santeria are also influential. Practitioners of Puerto Rican witchcraft often perform rituals to communicate with the spirits, cast spells for protection or love, and ...
Ifá is a Divination system and a Religious text [1] in Yoruba Religion, originating from Yorubaland in West Africa. It originates within the traditional religion of the Yoruba people, and is also practised by followers of West African and African diasporic religions like Cuban Santería. Ifá is an ancient divination system originating from ...
The challenge for the psychology of religion is essentially threefold: to provide a thoroughgoing description of the objects of investigation, whether they be shared religious content (e.g., a tradition's ritual observances) or individual experiences, attitudes, or conduct;
The religion and beliefs the Yorùbá brought with them eventually became the basis for what is known as Lukumí (or Santería in Cuba). This religion spawned the creation of the first "sacred" Batá in Cuba around 1830 by a Yorùbá slave named Añabi. The batá slowly became inducted into Cuban culture, and began to take on more secular roles.
The religion involves possessions, drumming, healing ceremonies, and others. Priest/Priestesses called "bancos" smoke tobacco and do libations of alcohol to channel spirits within a medium called a "materia" to the sounds of drums and chants, one being the "fuerza" chant which they repeatedly shout "fuerza!"