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Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (Persian: علی ابن سهل ربن طبری آملی; c. 838 – c. 870 CE; also given as 810–855 [1] or 808–864 [2] also 783–858 [3]), was a Persian [4] [5] Muslim scholar, physician and psychologist, who produced one of the first Islamic encyclopedia of medicine titled Firdaws al-Hikmah ("Paradise of Wisdom").
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 November 2024. Islam in Indonesia Istiqlal Mosque, the national mosque and the largest mosque in Southeast Asia. Total population 244,410,757 (2023) 87,06% of the population [a] Languages Liturgical Quranic Arabic Common Indonesian (official), various regional languages Islam by country World ...
Unlike contemporary scholarship, which relied on traditions and historical narratives from early Islam, Ibn Taymiyya's methodology was a mixture of the selective use of hadith and a literal understanding of the Quran. [225] [226] He rejected most philosophical approaches to Islam and proposed a clear, simple and dogmatic theology instead. [225]
Butler's teachings also included hostility towards Islam and skepticism of science. [12] Multiple ex-members of SIF have described it as a "cult"; Butler was "akin to a God" and not willing to be questioned. [4] [12] [13] They say Butler regularly mocked his devotees, publicly, calling it "a form of Krishna’s mercy". [2]
Social constructionism is a term used in sociology, social ontology, and communication theory.The term can serve somewhat different functions in each field; however, the foundation of this theoretical framework suggests various facets of social reality—such as concepts, beliefs, norms, and values—are formed through continuous interactions and negotiations among society's members, rather ...
An irreversible shift to scripturalist Islam occurs, which is in Gellner’s view is the equivalent of secularisation in the West. [13] Bruinessen finds this too limited, and distinguishes three overlapping spheres: [13] Shari`a-oriented Islam, Sufism (mystical Islam, which has its learned and popular variants),
The prophets of Islam, according to Rumi, constitute the highest point of spiritual development and are the closest to God. Throughout Rumi's writings, Muhammad is the most perfect example of all previous prophets. [81] Despite Rumi's explicit adherence to Islam, there are traces of religious pluralism throughout his work.