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  2. Ball-and-stick model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model

    The Beeverses Miniature Models company in Edinburgh (now operating as Miramodus) produced small models beginning in 1961 [3] using PMMA balls and stainless steel rods. In these models, the use of individually drilled balls with precise bond angles and bond lengths enabled large crystal structures to be accurately created in a light and rigid form.

  3. Ammonia solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_solution

    Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH 3 (aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a salt with the composition [NH + 4][OH −

  4. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometries can be specified in terms of 'bond lengths', 'bond angles' and 'torsional angles'. The bond length is defined to be the average distance between the nuclei of two atoms bonded together in any given molecule. A bond angle is the angle formed between three atoms across at least two bonds.

  5. Ammonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

    Assuming an NH + 4 abundance of and an electron abundance of 10 −7 typical of molecular clouds, the formation will proceed at a rate of 1.6 × 10 −9 cm −3 s −1 in a molecular cloud of total density 10 5 cm −3.

  6. Tetrahedral molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry

    In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron.The bond angles are arccos(− ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane (CH 4) [1] [2] as well as its heavier analogues.

  7. Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Molecular_Input...

    Although single bonds may be written as -, this is usually omitted. For example, the SMILES for ethanol may be written as C-C-O , CC-O or C-CO , but is usually written CCO . Double, triple, and quadruple bonds are represented by the symbols = , # , and $ respectively as illustrated by the SMILES O=C=O ( carbon dioxide CO 2 ), C#N ( hydrogen ...

  8. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    In some molecules, there is a difference between valence and oxidation state for a given atom. For example, in disulfur decafluoride molecule S 2 F 10, each sulfur atom has 6 valence bonds (5 single bonds with fluorine atoms and 1 single bond with the other sulfur atom). Thus, each sulfur atom is hexavalent or has valence 6, but has oxidation ...

  9. Bertrand's box paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_box_paradox

    The probability of drawing another gold coin from the same box is 0 in (a), and 1 in (b) and (c). Thus, the overall probability of drawing a gold coin in the second draw is ⁠ 0 / 3 ⁠ + ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ + ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ = ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠. The problem can be reframed by describing the boxes as each having one drawer on each of two sides. Each ...

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    3 single bonds in nh3 and water make 4 boxes of gold and black rings