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  2. Shear wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_wall

    A typical timber shear wall consists of braced panels in the wall line, constructed using structural plywood sheathing, specific nailing at the edges, and supporting framing. A shear wall is an element of a structurally engineered system that is designed to resist in- plane lateral forces, typically wind and seismic loads.

  3. Hybrid masonry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_masonry

    Thus, the masonry panel takes only the story shear from the above floors and acts as a one story shear wall. The steel plates can be designed in two manners. If the design engineer wishes the steel plate to be the weak point, the plate can be designed as a fuse.

  4. Gaiola (construction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiola_(construction)

    Therefore, incorporating a wooden structure in masonry walls combined the advantages of both types of construction. The gaiola pombalina building features a traditional timber flooring and a hybrid timber-masonry shear walls. [6] The walls were constructed using a wooden truss system that was filled with masonry in the empty areas. [6]

  5. Anchor plate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_plate

    In the modern era, tie-rods are made of iron or steel, and serve to reinforce vaults, arches, and in general masonry structures. Reinforced masonry walls are strengthened through a tie-rod that connects between parallel walls at the floor-level, which creates a horizontal compression state, thereby increasing the wall's shear strength. [6]

  6. Masonry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry

    Masonry walls have an endothermic effect of its hydrates, as in chemically bound water, unbound moisture from the concrete block, and the poured concrete if the hollow cores inside the blocks are filled. Masonry can withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °F (538 °C) and it can withstand direct exposure to fire for up to 4 hours.

  7. Hold down (structural engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_down_(structural...

    A hold down resisting uplift from a timber shear wall. Holdown (holdown, hold-down, or hold down) or tie-down in structural engineering refers to the steel device or hardware that is installed at the end of a plywood shear wall. The hold downs provide uplift resistance against the overturning moment imposed on the wall due to "in-plane" lateral ...

  8. Skyscraper design and construction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper_design_and...

    A shear wall, in its simplest definition, is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads. A typical example is a brick or cinderblock wall. Since the wall material is used to hold the weight, as the wall expands in size, it must hold considerably more weight.

  9. Seismic retrofit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_retrofit

    In reinforced concrete buildings, masonry infill walls are considered non-structural elements, but damage to infills can lead to large repair costs and change the behaviour of a structure, even leading to aforementioned soft-storey or beam-column joint shear failures. Local failure of the infill panels due to in and out-of-plane mechanisms, but ...

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