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The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500 km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100 K. [77] This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow for the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water. [ 81 ]
The approximate temperature in the solar atmosphere plotted against height The solar transition region is a region of the Sun 's atmosphere between the upper chromosphere and corona . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is important because it is the site of several unrelated but important transitions in the physics of the solar atmosphere:
[28] [42] Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth ...
The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 of the solar radius (139,000 km; 86,000 mi). [1] It is the hottest part of the Sun and of the Solar System . It has a density of 150,000 kg/m 3 (150 g/cm 3 ) at the center, and a temperature of 15 million Kelvin (15 million degrees Celsius; 27 million degrees Fahrenheit).
The Sun produces radio emissions through four known mechanisms, each of which operates primarily by converting the energy of moving electrons into electromagnetic radiation. The four emission mechanisms are thermal bremsstrahlung (braking) emission, gyromagnetic emission, plasma emission, and electron- cyclotron maser emission.
Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (1 part in 10 7) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly 1 millionth (10 −6) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is 5.2 AU from the Sun and has a radius of 71,000 km (0.00047 AU; 44,000 mi), whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is 30 AU ...
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The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. [74] When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment, they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range.