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Coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents, tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms.
Wave pounding is a force of erosion along coast lines. The effects of wave pounding are influenced by wave shape, ocean chemistry, rock type, and morphology of the coastal landscape. There are three different types of waves to consider in this process: spilling, plunging, and surging waves.
These powerful waves can flood inland areas far beyond the typical high-tide mark. Additionally, the swift currents associated with the inundating tsunami can demolish homes and other coastal structures. A storm surge is an onshore gush of water associated with a low pressure weather system. Storm surges can cause beach accretion and erosion. [1]
Without the constant presence of water, stacks also form when a natural arch collapses under gravity, due to sub-aerial processes like wind erosion. Erosion causes the arch to collapse, leaving the pillar of hard rock standing away from the coast—the stack. Eventually, erosion will cause the stack to collapse, leaving a stump.
Hydraulic action, most generally, is the ability of moving water (flowing or waves) to dislodge and transport rock particles.This includes a number of specific erosional processes, including abrasion, at facilitated erosion, such as static erosion where water leaches salts and floats off organic material from unconsolidated sediments, and from chemical erosion more often called chemical ...
While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10–40 times the rate at which soil erosion is occurring globally. [7] At agriculture sites in the Appalachian Mountains, intensive farming practices have caused erosion at up to 100 times the natural rate of erosion in the region. [8]
Ocean attrition causes shorelines to retreat and ocean depths are increased to the depth of the wave base. [23] Attrition erosion of the coast in Langeland, Denmark, shows how high impact energy of sediment particles affect ocean-land contact points. The rising of sea levels has led to an increase in coastal erosion. This causes concern to ...
Anthropogenic climate change is causing changes in the coastal changes and processes that are interconnected with those caused by natural processes. [ 2 ] While hydrodynamic processes respond instantaneously to morphological change, morphological change requires the redistribution of sediment.