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A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. [1] Activators are considered to have positive control over gene expression, as they function to promote gene transcription and, in some cases, are required for the transcription of genes to occur.
This cytokine is expressed in B cell lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. It has been also shown to play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. [7] BAFF is a 285-amino acid long peptide glycoprotein which undergoes glycosylation at residue 124.
Activator E2F proteins can then transcribe S phase promoting genes. In REF52 cells, overexpression of activator E2F1 is able to push quiescent cells into S phase. [7] While repressors E2F4 and 5 do not alter cell proliferation, they mediate G1 arrest. [2] E2F activator levels are cyclic, with maximal expression during G1/S.
It is an isozyme of hexokinase and is found mainly in pancreatic β cells, but also liver, gut, and brain cells where glycolysis cause glucose-induced insulin secretion. [2] Glucokinase activator lowers blood glucose concentrations by enhancing glucose uptake in the liver and increasing insulin production by the pancreatic β cells. [2]
In both human cells and Caenorhabditis elegans MED15 is involved in lipid homeostasis through the pathway involving SREBPs [18] In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the ortholog of MED15 is required for signaling by the plant hormone Salicylic acid, [19] while MED25 is required for the transcriptional activation of Hypoxia (environmental ...
Upon TCR stimulation and after subsequent activation of T-bet under Th1 cytokine conditions, a complex which consists of the transcription factor T-bet and NFAT stimulates production of IFN-γ, the most prominent cytokine of Th1 cells. The TCR activation also triggers, through NFAT:AP-1 complex, production of NFAT2/αA which is a short isoform ...
GM2A is a lipid transfer protein that stimulates the enzymatic processing of gangliosides, and also T-cell activation through lipid presentation. This protein binds molecules of ganglioside GM2, extracts them from membranes, and presents them to beta- hexosaminidase A for cleavage of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and conversion to GM3.
When an antigen-presenting cell interacts with a T cell receptor on T cells, there is an increase in the cytoplasmic level of calcium, which activates calcineurin by binding a regulatory subunit and activating calmodulin binding. [3] Calcineurin induces transcription factors that are important in the transcription of IL-2 genes. IL-2 activates ...