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  2. Rule of recognition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Recognition

    For example, if the rule of recognition were "what Professor X says is law", then any rule that Professor X spoke would be a valid legal rule. It follows that the rule of recognition is but a factual acknowledgement of what is indeed law; as per the classic illustration of a bill passed by the legislative authority and assented to by a head-of ...

  3. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    The relationship between these angles is given by the law of reflection: =, and Snell's law: ⁡ = ⁡. The behavior of light striking the interface is explained by considering the electric and magnetic fields that constitute an electromagnetic wave , and the laws of electromagnetism , as shown below .

  4. Fresnel rhomb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_rhomb

    The concept of circular polarization was useful in the memoir of January 1823, [2] containing the detailed derivations of the sine and tangent laws: in that same memoir, Fresnel found that for angles of incidence greater than the critical angle, the resulting reflection coefficients were complex with unit magnitude.

  5. Logical positivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism

    Logical positivism, later called logical empiricism, and both of which together are also known as neopositivism, is a movement whose central thesis is the verification principle (also known as the verifiability criterion of meaning). [1]

  6. Stricter verification laws in the U.S. won’t stop ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/finance/stricter-verification-laws-u...

    In 2020, the Department of Justice reported how U.S. law enforcement conducted a covert operation to subvert a Hamas crypto campaign, take over its websites, and divert donations into U.S ...

  7. Legal positivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism

    laws are commands issued by the uncommanded commander, i.e. the sovereign; such commands are enforced by sanctions; a sovereign is one who is obeyed by the majority. Austin considered law to be commands from a sovereign that are enforced by a threat of sanction. In determining 'a sovereign', Austin recognised it is one whom society obeys ...

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  9. In Scathing Rulings, Federal Courts Block Arkansas and ... - AOL

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