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  2. Utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

    In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals. [1] [2] In other words, utilitarian ideas encourage actions that lead to the greatest good for the greatest number.

  3. J. J. C. Smart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._C._Smart

    In ethics, Smart was a defender of utilitarianism. Specifically, he defended "extreme", or act utilitarianism, as opposed to "restricted", or rule utilitarianism. The distinction between these two types of ethical theory is explained in his essay Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism. [14] Smart gave two arguments against rule utilitarianism.

  4. Two-level utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-level_utilitarianism

    Two-level utilitarianism is virtually a synthesis of the opposing doctrines of act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism states that in all cases the morally right action is the one which produces the most well-being, whereas rule utilitarianism states that the morally right action is the one that is in accordance with a ...

  5. Consequentialism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism

    It is also contrasted with both virtue ethics, which focuses on the character of the agent rather than on the nature or consequences of the act (or omission) itself, and pragmatic ethics, which treats morality like science: advancing collectively as a society over the course of many lifetimes, such that any moral criterion is subject to revision.

  6. Moral luck - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_luck

    Resultant moral luck concerns the consequences of actions and situations. In the above example, both drivers were affected by resultant moral luck in that a particular set of circumstances turned out in two different ways: in one situation, a pedestrian appeared on the road; in the other, the pedestrian did not.

  7. Act utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_utilitarianism

    Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics that states that a person's act is morally right if and only if it produces the best possible results in that specific situation. Classical utilitarians, including Jeremy Bentham , John Stuart Mill , and Henry Sidgwick , define happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain.

  8. Bitcoin's 2025 Outlook Suddenly Looks Uncertain: Here's Why - AOL

    www.aol.com/bitcoins-2025-outlook-suddenly-looks...

    As 2025 approaches, Bitcoin (CRYPTO: BTC) finds itself navigating a shifting macroeconomic landscape, with fading tailwinds raising concerns about sustained momentum, according to a report. What ...

  9. Demandingness objection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demandingness_objection

    The demandingness objection is a common [1] [2] argument raised against utilitarianism and other consequentialist ethical theories. The consequentialist requirement that we maximize the good impartially seems to this objection to require us to perform acts that we would normally consider optional.