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Here, k e is a constant, q 1 and q 2 are the quantities of each charge, and the scalar r is the distance between the charges. The force is along the straight line joining the two charges. If the charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them makes them repel; if they have different signs, the force between them makes them attract.
[6]: 469–70 The electric field acts between two charges similarly to the way that the gravitational field acts between two masses, as they both obey an inverse-square law with distance. [7] This is the basis for Coulomb's law , which states that, for stationary charges, the electric field varies with the source charge and varies inversely ...
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whose solution is known as Beer–Lambert law and has the form = /, where x is the distance traveled by the beam through the target, and I 0 is the beam intensity before it entered the target; ℓ is called the mean free path because it equals the mean distance traveled by a beam particle before being stopped.
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where r is the distance between the point charges q and Q, and q and Q are the charges (not the absolute values of the charges—i.e., an electron would have a negative value of charge when placed in the formula).
where k C, the electrostatic constant, has a value of 332.1 Å·kcal/(mol·e²) in the units commonly used in molecular modeling [citation needed]; [4] [5] [6] q i and q j are the partial charges relative to the charge of the electron; r ij is the distance between two atoms or charged sites; and A and B are the Lennard-Jones parameters. The ...
Coulomb's law for the electric force between two stationary, electrically charged bodies has much the same mathematical form as Newton's law of universal gravitation: the force is proportional to the product of the charges, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, and directed along the straight line between them. The ...