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A5/2 is a stream cipher used to provide voice privacy in the GSM cellular telephone protocol. It was designed in 1992-1993 (finished March 1993) as a replacement for the relatively stronger (but still weak) A5/1, to allow the GSM standard to be exported to countries "with restrictions on the import of products with cryptographic security ...
A5/1 is used in Europe and the United States. A5/2 was a deliberate weakening of the algorithm for certain export regions. [1] A5/1 was developed in 1987, when GSM was not yet considered for use outside Europe, and A5/2 was developed in 1989.
Companies ("individual members") participate through their membership to a 3GPP Organizational Partner. As of December 2020, 3GPP is composed of 719 individual members. [25] Specification work is done at WG and at TSG level: [26] the 3GPP WGs hold several meetings a year. They prepare and discuss change requests against 3GPP specifications.
Wi-Fi is considered to be a non-3GPP WLAN radio access network (RAN). [ 18 ] 3GPP has also specified an alternative loosely coupled solution for Wi-Fi. The approach is called Interworking Wireless LAN (IWLAN) [ 19 ] architecture and it is a solution to transfer IP data between a mobile device and operator's core network through a Wi-Fi access.
Thomas Haug (first GSM president) and Philippe Dupuis (second GSM president) during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992. In 1983, work began to develop a European standard for digital cellular voice telecommunications when the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) set up the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) committee and later provided a permanent technical ...
GSM/UMTS were the most widespread 2G/3G wireless standards worldwide. Most countries used only the GSM family. A few countries, including China, the United States, Canada, Ukraine, Trinidad and Tobago, India, South Korea and Japan, used both standards. 3GPP2 had its last activity in 2013, [2] and the group has been dormant ever since.
It is an acronym for Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access, [1] also known as the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access in early drafts of the 3GPP LTE specification. [1] E-UTRAN is the combination of E-UTRA, user equipment (UE), and a Node B (E-UTRAN Node B or Evolved Node B, eNodeB ).
(See GSM 02.16 / 3GPP 22.016). The Check Digit is a function of all other digits in the IMEI. The Software Version Number (SVN) of a mobile is not included in the calculation. The purpose of the Check Digit is to help guard against the possibility of incorrect entries to the CEIR and EIR equipment.