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The outer circle (mainly New Commonwealth countries) is 'norm-developing'. The expanding circle (which includes much of the rest of the world) is 'norm-dependent' because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the inner circle.
The inner circle (UK, US, etc.) is 'norm-providing'. That means that English language norms are developed in these countries – English is the first language there. [citation needed] The outer circle (mainly New Commonwealth countries) is 'norm-developing'. The expanding circle, which includes much of the rest of the world, is 'norm-dependent ...
This is a list of countries and territories by the United Nations geoscheme, including 193 UN member states, two UN observer states (the Holy See [note 1] and the State of Palestine), two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue), and 49 non-sovereign dependencies or territories, as well as Western Sahara (a disputed territory whose sovereignty is contested) and ...
The United Nations geoscheme is a system which divides 248 countries and territories in the world into six continental regions, 22 geographical subregions, and two intermediary regions. [1] It was devised by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) based on the M49 coding classification . [ 2 ]
Countries by land border length Antarctica and countries in purple are those without any land border. This list gives the number of distinct land borders of each country or territory, as well as the neighboring countries and territories. The length of each border is included, as is the total length of each country's or territory's borders. [1]
The Mediterranean Sea, between Africa and Europe The Atlantic Ocean around the plate boundaries (text is in Finnish). The African and European mainlands are non-contiguous, and the delineation between these continents is thus merely a question of which islands are to be associated with which continent.
The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries. [82] In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". [90]
It also includes the use of English in "outer circle" countries, often former British colonies and the Philippines, where English is an official language even if it is not spoken as a mother tongue by a majority of the population. In the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand this use of English is called ESL (English as a second language ...