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A confined space is a space with limited entry and egress and not suitable for human inhabitants. Alternative names for a confined space are enclosed space and dangerous space. [1] An example is the interior of a storage tank, occasionally entered by maintenance workers but not intended for human occupancy.
The Queensland government define confined water for recreational diving purposes as "Water which offers pool-like conditions, good visibility, and water which is shallow enough so that all divers can stand up with their heads well clear of the water". [16] Other definitions do not require such shallow depth, but may have a depth restriction.
Most confined space diving environments are under an overhead. Overhead environments include work under ships and other structures, culverts, inside industrial installations, drains, sewers, penstocks and similar installations, as well as the better known cave, cavern, and wreck diving environments. The restriction on direct ascent increases ...
Buoyancy control is the use of adjustable buoyancy equipment to balance equipment which changes buoyancy but is not controlled by the diver, such as changes due to depth and gas consumption. Ballast weight is normally constant during the dive, but buoyancy is adjustable by controlling the volume of gas-filled spaces.
In underwater diving, open water is unrestricted water such as a sea, lake, river, or flooded quarry.It is a contradistinction to an overhead environment, where there is a physical barrier to direct vertical ascent to the surface, and to a flooded confined space where there may not be enough room to maneuver freely.
To further complicate the practice, the ascent rate may vary with the depth, and is typically faster at greater depth and reduces as the depth gets shallower. In practice a continuous decompression profile may be approximated by ascent in steps as small as the chamber pressure gauge will resolve, and timed to follow the theoretical profile as ...
Industrial and other non-municipal discharges: Limits for many industrial dischargers are based on national standards for issued for specific categories, such as chemical plants, paper mills, and electric power plants (see Effluent guidelines). EPA issues these limitations based on the performance of pollution control and prevention ...
Use depth control aids to maintain correct decompression depth. Avoid dehydration and hypothermia. Maintain cardiovascular fitness. Short term (immediate onset) exposure to high partial pressure (>c2.4 bar) of nitrogen in the breathing gas: Nitrogen narcosis: A reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while diving at depth.