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Hemolytic transfusion reactions are a possible complication from red blood cell transfusions. Hemolysis refers to the lysis (rupture) of red blood cells, and the resulting leakage of their contents. Hemolytic reactions may be immune or non-immune mediated. Immune-mediated hemolytic reactions, such as DHTR, represent a type of alloimmunity.
More often, however, Kidd antibodies cause acute extravascular hemolysis. [7] They are a notorious cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, and may occur up to a week after transfusion in some instances. Kidd antibodies only rarely cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. [5]
Typically mild but may be serious, even fatal. Although these usually occur immediately they may occur after a delay (up to 24 hours). These reactions are usually caused by anti-Fy a or anti-Fy b. anti-Fy3 may cause acute or delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, but only rarely. Anti-Fy5 may also cause delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions ...
The severity of the transfusion reaction is depended upon amount of donor's antigen transfused, nature of the donor's antigens, the nature and the amount of recipient antibodies. [36] Delayed hemolytic reactions occur more than 24 hours after a transfusion. They usually occur within 28 days of a transfusion.
Among these, a potentially life-threatening reaction is known as a hemolytic transfusion reaction. This is an immune mediated reaction where recipient antibodies attack donor red blood cell antigen(s), causing hemolysis of donor cells. The reaction may occur during, immediately after, or up to 28 days later.
Anti-Di a (the antibody to Di a) can cause severe hemolytic disease of the newborn and severe transfusion reaction. Anti-Di b usually causes milder reactions. [2] The Wright blood system is another pair of types, Wright a (Wr a) and Wright b (Wr b), also differing by one amino acid on the AE1 glycoprotein and one nucleotide on the SLC4A1 gene.
One elderly man with an intestinal bleed died after treatment delays caused by a lack of available A&E beds
It is therefore common to select c-negative and E-negative blood for transfusion patients who have an anti-E and lack the c antigen (in general, a patient will not produce antibodies against their own antigens). Anti-c is a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. [15]