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Sintering happens as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The atoms/molecules in the sintered material diffuse across the boundaries of the particles, fusing the particles together and creating a solid piece.
Historically, liquid phase sintering was used to process ceramic materials like clay bricks, earthenware, and porcelain.Modern liquid phase sintering was first applied in the 1930s to materials like cemented carbides (e.g. WC-Co) for cutting tools, porous brass (Cu-Sn) for oil-less bearings, and tungsten-heavy alloys (W-Ni-Cu), but now finds applications ranging from superalloys to dental ...
Ceramic engineering, like many sciences, evolved from a different discipline by today's standards. Materials science engineering is grouped with ceramics engineering to this day. [citation needed] Leo Morandi's tile glazing line (circa 1945) Abraham Darby first used coke in 1709 in Shropshire, England, to improve the yield of a smelting process.
Commercially available equipment for the AM of ceramics mostly relies on layer by layer sintering of powders and is rarely cost-effective. However, the difficulties in machining ceramic articles means that AM techniques can be attractive in situations where production volumes are too low to viably produce molds for slip
SPS is also used for sintering of carbon nanotubes [11] for development of field electron emission electrodes. Functioning of SPS systems is schematically explained in a video link. [12] While the term "spark plasma sintering" is commonly used, the term is misleading since neither a spark nor a plasma is present in the process. [13]
Compaction of ceramic powders is a forming technique for ceramics in which granular ceramic materials are made cohesive through mechanical densification, either by hot or cold pressing. The resulting green part must later be sintered in a kiln. The compaction process permits an efficient production of parts to close tolerances with low drying ...
Hot pressing is a high-pressure, low-strain-rate powder metallurgy process for forming of a powder or powder compact at a temperature high enough to induce sintering and creep processes. [1] This is achieved by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure. Hot pressing is mainly used to fabricate hard and brittle materials.
Primary applications are the reduction of microshrinkage, the consolidation of powder metals, ceramic composites and metal cladding. Hot isostatic pressing is thus also used as part of a sintering (powder metallurgy) process and for fabrication of metal matrix composites, [4] often being used for postprocessing in additive manufacturing. [5]