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  2. Local anesthetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic

    Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...

  3. Anesthetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic

    Local anesthetics can be either ester- or amide-based. Ester local anesthetics are generally unstable in solution and fast-acting, are rapidly metabolised by cholinesterases in the blood plasma and liver, [4] and more commonly induce allergic reactions. Amide local anesthetics are generally heat-stable, with a long shelf life (around two years).

  4. List of local anesthetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_local_anesthetics

    ester- benzoic ambucaine [1] diester - aminosalicylic articaine: Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine Amide benzocaine: Anbesol, Orajel Ester - Aminobenzoic Short benzonatate: Tessalon bupivacaine: Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine 1957 (Ekenstam) 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) Amide Moderate butacaine: ester- aminobenzoic ...

  5. Amino esters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_esters

    Structurally, amino esters consist of three molecular components: a lipophilic part (ester); an intermediate aliphatic chain; a hydrophilic part (amine); The chemical linkage between the lipophilic part and the intermediate chain can be of the amide-type or the ester-type, and is the general basis for the current classification of local anesthetics.

  6. Dental anesthesia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anesthesia

    Allergic reactions from local anaesthesia have been reported in some patients. However, this occurrence is rare even in patients who had a history of adverse reactions to LA. There are mainly 2 classes of local anaesthetic agents: Amide or Ester linkages, based on their chemical structure. [29]

  7. Bupivacaine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivacaine

    Like lidocaine, bupivacaine is an amino-amide anesthetic; the aromatic head and the hydrocarbon chain are linked by an amide bond rather than an ester as in earlier local anesthetics. As a result, the amino-amide anesthetics are more stable and less likely to cause allergic reactions.

  8. Lidocaine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine

    Lidocaine, the first amino amide–type local anesthetic (previous were amino esters), was first synthesized under the name 'xylocaine' by Swedish chemist Nils Löfgren in 1943. [59] [60] [61] His colleague Bengt Lundqvist performed the first injection anesthesia experiments on himself. [59] It was first marketed in 1949.

  9. Infiltration analgesia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_analgesia

    Adrenaline containing local anaesthetic solution can increase heart rate and blood pressure. Avoid by using self-aspirating syringe. [6] Allergic reaction – was more common with the use of ester anaesthetic solution. Since the use of amide anaesthetic, the allergic reactions are extremely rare.

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