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Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (French: [ʒozɛf fuʃe]; 21 May 1759 – 25 December 1820) was a French statesman, revolutionary, and Minister of Police under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, who later became a subordinate of Emperor Napoleon.
This explains the evolution of the meaning of the word gendarme from a noble man-at-arms to a military police officer. Under Napoleon I, the Elite Gendarmes of the Imperial Guard (Gendarmes d'élite de la Garde impériale) was a gendarmerie unit formed in 1801 by Napoleon as part of the Consular Guard which became the Imperial Guard in 1804. In ...
On 8 June 1810, Savary was appointed Minister of Police and was succeeded by Antoine Jean Auguste Durosnel , Napoleon's aide-de-camp. During the Hundred Days, the Emperor gave command of the elite gendarmerie to General Pierre Dautancourt [ fr ] , who was responsible for its organization, although it was Captain Dyonnet who effectively led the ...
Horse carabinier's uniform before 1809 Horse carabinier as of 1809. The corps of Carabiniers was a group of heavy cavalry originally created by Louis XIV.From 1791 to 1809, their uniforms consisted of a blue coat with a blue piped red collar, red cuffs, lapels and turnbacks with white grenades, red epaulettes with edged white straps, red cuff flaps for the 1st Regiment, blue piped red for the ...
Napoleon created a Health Council under the Prefect of Police to monitor the safety of the water supply, food products, and the environmental effects of new factories and workshops. The committee also made the first systematic surveys of health conditions in Paris neighborhoods, and provided the first widespread vaccinations against smallpox.
The grenadier units had, by the time of the Napoleonic Wars, ceased using the hand-thrown grenades, and were largely known for being composed of physically big men, sometimes veterans of previous military campaigns, frequently relied upon for shock actions. They otherwise used the same arms and tactics as the line infantry.
By contrast, the National Police is a civilian law enforcement agency that is in charge of policing cities and larger towns. Because of its military status, the Gendarmerie also fulfills a range of military and defence missions. The Gendarmerie has a strength of around 102,269 people (as of 2018).
The judicial system of post-Napoleonic France was an intricate system of relations between the government and the police/judicial force. Together they helped to minimize crime while successfully fulfilling the guarantees made in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen written in 1789.