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The converting process occurs in a converter. Two kinds of converters are widely used: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal converters of the Peirce-Smith type (which are an improvement of the Manhès-David converter ) prevail in the metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. Such a converter is a horizontal barrel lined with refractory material inside.
The cast metal from the twin-belt continuous casting machine is synchronized with, and directly fed into, a hot rolling mill. Combining the casting and rolling operations can result in significant energy and cost savings over other casting processes which incorporate intermediate cast and reheat steps.
Steel casting is a specialized form of casting involving various types of steel cast to either final/net or near-net shape. Steel castings are used when iron castings cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance.
This resulted in the development of cast irons of greater strength suitable for critical engineering applications. [citation needed] “The Meehanite Metal Corp” was led by Oliver Smalley to license the processes to foundries. Many other patented casting processes were also established.
The converting industry takes these continuous rolls of thin, flat materials — known as webs — threads them through processing machines (such as printing presses, laminating, coating and slitting machines) and converts or changes the web of material into an intermediate form or final product. [2]
Molten metal before casting Casting iron in a sand mold. In metalworking and jewelry making, casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold (usually by a crucible) that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape.
Metal fabrication is the creation of metal structures by cutting, bending and assembling processes. It is a value-added [ 1 ] process involving the creation of machines, parts, and structures from various raw materials.
A cast-in-place anchor bolt. The simplest – and strongest – form of anchor bolt is cast-in-place, with its embedded end consisting of a standard hexagonal head bolt and washer, 90-bend, or some sort of forged or welded flange (see also stud welding). The last are used in concrete-steel composite structures as shear connectors. [6]