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The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
Also narrow. A land or water passage that is confined or restricted by its narrow breadth, often a strait or a water gap. nation A stable community of people formed on the basis of a common geographic territory, language, economy, ethnicity, or psychological make-up as manifested in a common culture. national mapping agency A governmental agency which manages, produces, and publishes ...
A bridgeless graph is one that has no bridges; equivalently, a 2-edge-connected graph. 2. A bridge of a subgraph H is a maximal connected subgraph separated from the rest of the graph by H. That is, it is a maximal subgraph that is edge-disjoint from H and in which each two vertices and edges belong to a path that is internally disjoint from H.
Also amphidrome and tidal node. A geographical location where there is little or no tide, i.e. where the tidal amplitude is zero or nearly zero because the height of sea level does not change appreciably over time (meaning there is no high tide or low tide), and around which a tidal crest circulates once per tidal period (approximately every 12 hours). Tidal amplitude increases, though not ...
While each non-complete word-representable graph G is 2(n − κ(G))-representable, where κ(G) is the size of a maximal clique in G, [7] the highest known representation number is floor(n/2) given by crown graphs with an all-adjacent vertex. [7] Interestingly, such graphs are not the only graphs that require long representations. [15]
The black dot shows the point with coordinates x = 2, y = 3, and z = 4, or (2, 3, 4). A Cartesian coordinate system for a three-dimensional space consists of an ordered triplet of lines (the axes ) that go through a common point (the origin ), and are pair-wise perpendicular; an orientation for each axis; and a single unit of length for all ...
In combinatorial mathematics, a de Bruijn sequence of order n on a size-k alphabet A is a cyclic sequence in which every possible length-n string on A occurs exactly once as a substring (i.e., as a contiguous subsequence). Such a sequence is denoted by B(k, n) and has length k n, which is also the number of distinct strings of length n on A.
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