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Urine is typically clear; materials such as crystals, cells, bacteria, and mucus can impart a cloudy appearance. [26] A milky appearance can be caused by a very high concentration of white blood cells or fats, or by chyluria (the presence of lymphatic fluid in the urine). [34] Unpreserved urine will become cloudier over time. [35]
Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH 3 COCOO −, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis , converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis , or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA . [ 3 ]
A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system , and specimens are easy to obtain. [ 1 ]
Urine typically has a mild odor, but strong or unusual smells can indicate a problem. A strong ammonia scent could suggest dehydration. A foul or unusual smell could be a sign of a urinary tract ...
A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring urinary tract infections. [ citation needed ] In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle . [ 7 ]
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency or PDCD or PDH deficiency) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder associated with abnormal mitochondrial metabolism. PDCD is a genetic disease resulting from mutations in one of the components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). [1]
About half of women who are fitted with a pessary continue to use it long-term and about half go on to have more advanced treatments, notes Thibault. In some cases, surgery is recommended.
Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [2] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests. [citation needed]