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Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
These units express the concentration of air pollution in terms of the mass or volume of the pollutant, and they are commonly used for measurements of both gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, and coarse (PM 10) and fine (PM 2.5) particulates.
As an example, a measured NO x concentration of 45 ppmv in a dry gas having 5 volume % O 2 is: 45 × ( 20.9 - 3 ) ÷ ( 20.9 - 5 ) = 50.7 ppmv of NO x. when corrected to a dry gas having a specified reference O 2 content of 3 volume %. Note: The measured gas concentration C m must first be corrected to a dry basis before using the above equation.
Below is a list of 526 cities sorted by their annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m 3) in 2022. [1] [2] By default the least polluted cities which have fewest particulates in the air come first.
This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2.5 annual mean concentration measurement as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2010 to 2022. The January 2024 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient (outdoor) air pollution monitoring from almost 5,390 towns and cities in 63 countries.
Particulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters. [3] Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with POM. POC refers ...
Source term (the concentration or quantity of toxins in emission or accidental release source terms) and temperature of the material Emissions or release parameters such as source location and height, type of source (i.e., fire, pool or vent stack) and exit velocity , exit temperature and mass flow rate or release rate.
Particulates or atmospheric particulate matter (see below for other names) are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air.The term aerosol refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone, [1] though it is sometimes defined as a subset of aerosol terminology. [2]