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The command-line SQL Plus interface continues in use, mostly [citation needed] for non-interactive scripting or for administrative purposes. The Server Manager Command Line — a replacement of SQL*DBA — is obsolete and SQL Plus 8i and later allows the user to issue statements like STARTUP and SHUTDOWN when connected as SYSDBA. Server Manager ...
In addition to SQLSTATE the SQL command GET DIAGNOSTICS offers more details about the last executed SQL command. In very early versions of the SQL standard the return code was called SQLCODE and used a different coding schema.
Though database systems use SQL, they also have their own additional proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their system. For example, Microsoft SQL server uses Transact-SQL (T-SQL), which is an extension of SQL. Similarly, Oracle uses PL-SQL, which an Oracle-specific SQL extension.
Title Authors ----- ----- SQL Examples and Guide 4 The Joy of SQL 1 An Introduction to SQL 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Book table, one could re-write the query above in the following form:
A query optimizer will not always choose the most efficient query plan for a given query. In some databases the query plan can be reviewed, problems found, and then the query optimizer gives hints on how to improve it. In other databases, alternatives to express the same query (other queries that return the same results) can be tried.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
It supports and encourages a rich set of client–server tools. The most widespread use of the CLI standard is the basis of the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) specification, which is widely used to allow applications to transparently access database systems from different vendors. The current version of the API, ODBC 3.52, incorporates ...
Oracle Forms 3 was the first version to allow PL/SQL to be used within Forms triggers and procedures/SQL Functions could also be used as an undocumented feature. Forms 3 was a character mode application and was primarily used in terminals such as Digital VT220 and PCs running Microsoft DOS.